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mialbym prosbe
dostalem w zalaczniku plik tekstowy w formacie pdf
jest to na tyle TG
ze jest to najnowsza systematyka traw
:)
moj windows nie obsluguje tego formatu
sciagniecie programu bezplatnego Acrobat Readera wazacego okolo 14 mB
na moim modemowym laczu to conamniej z poltorej godziny
ale moze ktos ma ten program u siebie
i potrafi go przepisac na zwykly format tekstowy worda
:)
aha
w pdf plik ten ma 203 kB
:)
z pozdrowieniami i usmiechami
_hehehe

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Zobacz także

2. Data: 2003-12-05 15:16:10

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Behalf Of Tadeusz Smal

> mialbym prosbe
> dostalem w zalaczniku plik tekstowy w formacie pdf
> jest to na tyle TG
> ze jest to najnowsza systematyka traw
> :)
Wyślij do mnie jako załacznik.
:-) Bogusław

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3. Data: 2003-12-05 15:27:41

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----- Original Message -----
From: "Bogusław Radzimierski" <r...@o...pl>
> > mialbym prosbe
> > dostalem w zalaczniku plik tekstowy w formacie pdf
> > jest to na tyle TG
> > ze jest to najnowsza systematyka traw
> > :)
> Wyślij do mnie jako załacznik.
> :-) Bogusław
:)
bardzo dziekuje
juz leci ...
:)
z pozdrowieniami
podziekowaniami i usmiechami
_hehehe

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4. Data: 2003-12-05 15:54:14

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pdf to właściwie format graficzny. Na worda da się przetłumaczyć tylko jako
obrazki w plikach tekstowych.

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5. Data: 2003-12-05 16:31:19

Temat: RE: OT - plik w formacie pdf-zbyt długie, tylko dla Tadeusza i zainteresowanych.
Od: r...@o...pl (Bogusław Radzimierski) szukaj wiadomości tego autora

> > Wyślij do mnie jako załacznik.
> > :-) Bogusław
> :)
> bardzo dziekuje
> juz leci ...
> :)
> z pozdrowieniami
> podziekowaniami i usmiechami
> _hehehe
>
> --
> Archiwum grupy: http://niusy.onet.pl/pl.rec.ogrody
>Grass taxonomy in Poland
LUDWIK FREY
Abstract: Taxonomy, one of oldest fields of biology with a long history of
development, is the
study and description of the variation of organisms, the investigation of
the causes and consequences
of this variation and finally the creation of a classification system.
Taxonomy is the most
basic and the most all-embracing of the biological sciences.
Poaceae, the large family of flowering plants, occupy a fairly isolated
position among Angiospermae
and Monocotyledoneae. Their taxonomy traditionally based upon the spikelet
structure
has been the focus of numerous classifications. Recently, five (or six)
major subfamilies could
be recognized: Bambusoideae, Pooideae, Arundinoideae, Chloridoideae, and
Panicoideae (and
sometimes Centothecoideae).
The very short history of the classification of grasses (especially in
Poland) and the features
useful for their identification are presented. According to the accepted
system all grasses in
Poland are placed in the five subfamilies mentioned above. The total number
of the genera is 95
and of the species - 313. A list of the species occurring in Poland is also
added.
Key words: Poaceae, grass, taxonomy, system, morphological features, guide,
key
INTRODUCTION
Taxonomy is at the same time both a basic and all-embracing discipline. It
is the basis of
all other branches of biological sciences, providing the basic information
concerning
identification, name and systematic position of the studied subjects. One of
its most important
aims is to provide help to non-taxonomists.
On the other hand it is the only truly synthetic science ("unending
synthesis"), based
on data from different fields, with the application of different methods
(PORTER 1959;
CONSTANCE 1964; BHATTACHARYYA & JOHRI 1998).
Taxonomy is the study and description of the variation of organisms, the
investigation
of the causes and consequences of this variation and finally of the creation
of a system of
classification (STACE 1993).
Problems of grass biology
Edited by: Ludwik Frey
W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences
Kraków, 2003
GRASS TAXONOMY
Grasses are usually treated as very variable organisms and for this reason
their classification
seems to be rather difficult. Strangely enough, the distinction of various
taxonomical
units (from species to subfamilies) is complex, whereas grasses have a
relatively simple
structure. In the opinion of the present author that is a peculiar grass
paradox: "a simple
scheme of the general structure provides many complex problems for detailed
decisions"
(FREY 2002a).
Tabernaemontanus (1590) was the first botanist to devote major attention to
the
grasses as a separate plant group, but he included here also Juncus,
Plantago, Equisetum,
or even some members of Caryophyllaceae (BOOTH 1964).
A.-L. JUSSIEU was the first to apply the name Gramineae to the grasses
(Juss., Gen.
Pl.: 28, 1789). He divided them into 13 unnamed groups, based mainly on the
number of
stamens, pistils and florets in the spikelet. An alternate name, Poaceae,
was introduced
by the American botanist J. H. BARNHART (Barnh. 1895, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
22:7).
Both names are equivalent, but nowadays the latter one is used much more
often.
BROWN (1810) was the first who divided Poaceae into two major groups:
Panicoideae
and Pooideae (almost adequate to the contemporary subfamilies). This
division was retained
later in some important and influencial systems.
The first classifications of grasses were based on morphological
(macroscopic) features,
chiefly the structure of spikelets. In HACKEL'S system (1887) the genera
were
arranged mainly according to the principle of gradual complication of the
spikelet structure,
that is, from one-flowered to many-flowered spikelets. In contrary,
according to
SCHUSTER (1910) evolution of the spikelets tend to the simplification of
their structure.
By the turn of the century some authors had contributed other features of
taxonomic
significance (at first - leaf anatomy, and later - karyology and embryology)
complementary
to the traditional morphological data. As a result the first revolution in
grass classification
occurred in the 1930s due to AVDULOV (1931) who introduced the results of
his
karyosystematic investigations together with the data of DUVAL-JOUVE (1875)
on the
comparative anatomy of grass leaves. Unfortunately, Avdulov's classification
was
invalid in respect of the nomenclature. He divided Gramineae into two
groups: Sacchariflorae
(tribes - Andropogoneae, Paniceae, Cynodonteae), and Poatae (two series:
Phragmitiformis
- old tribes with small chromosomes and Festuciformis - majority of
festucoid
tribes with large chromosomes, whose number was usually a multiple of 7).
Some
taxonomists, e.g. PRAT (1960), HUBBARD (1959), or ROSHEVITS (1946) referred
to this
classification in their own systems. According to CLAYTON (1981) the second
revolution
started in the 1960s, when it was shown that differences in leaf anatomy,
could be correlated
with differences in the photosynthetic pathway. For this reason - in the
opinion of
TSVELEV (1989) - the importance of microstructural and not morphological
characters
was slightly overestimated at that time.
Poaceae have a worldwide distribution, and therefore a great morphological
diversity
might be expected. However, "what ones observes is a surprising degree of
seeming
uniformity which none the less embodies many subtle adaptations" (CHAPMAN
1996).
28 Problems of grass biology
Grasses occupy a fairly isolated position in the Monocotyledoneae class.
Nevertheless,
their affinity to the order is still complex and obscure (Table 1).
Also the subdivision of Poaceae into subfamilies is controversial. The
number of
subfamilies varied from two to thirteen. In two widely current grass
classifications by
CLAYTON and RENVOIZE (1986) and WATSON and DALLWITZ (1992), five or six
subfamilies
have been recognized: Bambusoideae, Pooideae, Arundinoideae, Chloridoideae,
Panicoideae and Centothecoideae, a small tropical subfamily justified mainly
by its distinctive
embryo which was included in the system by CLAYTON and RENVOIZE (1986).
Extremely different systems were proposed by CARO (1982) - 13 subfamilies,
and by
TSVELEV (1989) - only two (Bambusoideae and true grasses - Pooideae). CONERT
et al.
(1998) divided grasses occurring in Europe into seven subfamilies:
Bambusoideae, Andropogonoideae,
Panicoideae, Oryzoideae, Eragrostoideae [=Chloridoideae], Arundinoideae
and Pooideae. The number of tribes varied from 9 to as many as 45 (PRAT
1960;
CLAYTON & RENVOIZE 1986; WATSON & DALLWITZ 1992).
The grasses are a large family of flowering plants, thought not the largest
in terms of
species (8000-10000) and genera (600-800), coming after Asteraceae,
Orchidaceae and
Fabaceae (FREY 2000).
The incorporation of molecular data (especially during the period 1980-2000)
has had
a positive stimulatory effect on plant systematics in general, and on grass
systematic in
details. Molecular information have contributed considerably to our
understanding of
systematic relationships and evolution in the Poaceae. Recently molecular
data has
become at times the over-arching criteria in the systematics of grasses,
although they
very often only confirm long-recognized alliances in Poaceae. On the other
hand, they
suggest new relationships. However, "molecular characters" should never be
the only
basis for determining the affiliation of particular systematic units.
Undoubtedly, the results
of molecular studies could be of greatest value being part of more
broadly-based
investigations (for further details see e.g. HSIAO et al. 1999; JACOBS &
EVERETT 2000;
MATHEWS et al. 2000; SOLTIS & SOLTIS 2001 and references cited therein).
Table 1. Systematic position of grasses in Monocotyledoneae classification
(after BRUMMITT 1992, modified).
Author Affiliation to the order
BENTHAM & HOOKER
1862-1863
Glumaceae: Gramineae + Eriocaulaceae, Centrolepidaceae,
Restionaceae, Cyperaceae
DALLA TORRE & HARMS
1900-1907
Glumiflorae: Gramineae + Cyperaceae
MELCHIOR 1964 Graminales: Gramineae
CRONQUIST 1981 Cyperales: Poaceae + Cyperaceae
YOUNG 1982 Poales: Poaceae
THORNE 1983 Commelinales: Poaceae
DAHLGREN et al. 1985 Poales: Poaceae + Flagellariaceae, Joinvillaceae,
Ecdeiocoleaceae, Anarthriaceae, Restionaceae,
Centrolepidaceae
TAKHTAJAN 1997 Poales: Poaceae
L. Frey: Grass taxonomy in Poland 29
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IMPORTANT IN GRASS TAXONOMY
Grasses are rather difficult material for determination, espacially for
beginners. So it is
necessary to understand their morphology and anatomy.
The features of vegetative and generative organs are characteristic and
common for
almost all grasses, especially for those from temperate regions. They are: a
fibrous root
system; cylindrical stem (called culm) with elongated hollow internodes
connected by
short solid nodes; leaves - consisting of a sheath which envelops the culm,
and linear,
narrow blade; flowers grouped in spikelets; and fruit - caryopsis consisting
of one seed
closely surrounded by the pericarp, with an embryo closely associated with
the endosperm.
There are, of course, some variations from the generalized pattern of
structure of
particular organs, e.g. oval (Panicum boscii), sagittate (Phyllorachis
sagittata) or petiolate
(Arundinaria tecta) leaves (BOOTH 1964).
The most significant and useful in grass taxonomy (from subfamily to
species) are
features concerning mainly the structure of culm, leaves and inflorescence,
chiefly of
spikelets, and particularly their parts (glumes, lemmas, paleas, awns,
pistils, stamens) as
well as caryopsis.
The most important morphological structure of grasses is the spikelet. The
typical
spikelet, comparatively uniform for the majority of the grasses, consists of
the rachilla
which bears distichous glumes at the base (empty scales which protect the
immaturate
spikelet) and florets above. Each floret consists of a pair of bracts, the
lemma and palea,
which conseal a single delicate flower. The floral organs typically have of
two tiny
lodicules, three stamens and two plumose stigmas. These structures are
unique for
Poaceae, and only in some degree comparable to the similar structures of
Cyperaceae.
The spikelet differences are fundamental for grass taxonomy and are the most
convenient
features to use in identifying genera and species.
GRASS TAXONOMY IN POLAND
Synthetic studies
In both the past and present Polish botanical literature the synthetic
publications devoted
to the taxonomy of grasses are relatively few.
15th to 18th centuries
The oldest references to grasses, chiefly those used in agriculture and
medical treatment
are found in the 15th-century pharmaceutical manuscripts, where ca 20
species of
Poaceae were mentioned (most of them are cereals). Among the works of 16th-
and
17th-century literature, two herbals are of principal importance, i.e. The
Polish Herbal by
Marcin (Martin) z Urze˛dowa, and The Herbal by Szymon (Simon) Sirenius. The
first
included at least 14 representatives of grasses, the second - ca 30 species
of the family. In
the 18th-century work Dictionary of plants (Dykcjonarz ros´linny) by Kluk
(1739-1796),
30 Problems of grass biology
some 90 species of grasses are placed (FREY & ZEMANEK 2002). However, in
practice,
identification of plant species on the basis of mentioned works was
impossible.
19th century
Worthy of notice are the works by BESSER (1809) and WAGA (1847), because the
keys
and descriptions of species included there allow for the determination of
the plants. In
both floras Poaceae occupy a significant position. In the first, the author
listed grass
species from the territory of Galicia (a part of partitioned Poland occupied
by Austria), in
the second - from the Polish Kingdom (part of partitioned Poland occupied by
Russia).
Both authors applied the sexual system of Linnaeus.
In regional floras from the areas of the present Pomerania (Pomorze),
Silesia (S´ la˛sk)
and the Wielkopolska region (ASCHERSON & GRAEBNER 1898-1899; MÜLLER 1904;
SCHUBE 1904), and from the contemporary Małopolska region (together with the
Carpathians)
(BERDAU 1890; ZAPAŁOWICZ 1906), the authors gave not only descriptions and
distribution of plants, including grasses, but also keys to the
determination of tribes,
genera, and even sections and species (Table 2).
Table 2. Most important synthetic works (19th and 20th centuries), entirely
or partly devoted to the taxonomy of
grasses (on the Polish teritories).
Author Year Studied area
Number
of genera
Number
of species
BESSER 1809 Galicia (Austrian areas of partitioned Poland) 28 76
WAGA 1847 Polish Kingdom (Russian areas of partitioned
Poland)
35 81
BERDAU 1890 Tatras, Pieniny Mts, Beskidy Mts (Austrian
areas of partitioned Poland)
34 91
ASCHERSON
& GRAEBNER
1898-1899 Pomerania, Wielkopolska region (German
areas of partitioned Poland)
44 140
MÜLLER 1904 Pomerania (German areas of partitioned
Poland)
45 129
SCHUBE 1904 Silesia (German and Austrian areas of partitioned
Poland)
44 135
SZAFER 1919 Poland 50 196
SZAFER et al. 1924 Poland 46 190
HENNING 1947 Poland 34 84
CZARNOCKI 1950 Poland 41 126
SZAFER et al. 1953 Poland 55 195
KOS´CIELNY 1954 Poland 37 59
FALKOWSKI 1974 Poland 51 173
FALKOWSKI 1982 Poland 56 185
MOWSZOWICZ 1986 Poland 40 71
KOZŁOWSKI et al. 1998 Poland 49 106
RUTKOWSKI 1998 Poland (lowlands) 81 249
FREY 2002b Poland 86 298
L. Frey: Grass taxonomy in Poland 31
20th century
In 1919 the first volume of the The Polish flora was published (RACIBORSKI &
SZAFER
1919). It was the turning-point in the history of contemporary Polish
botanical studies.
This work was based on Wettstein's system, and 33% of its content was
devoted to
grasses.
Comparison of the present-day publications and the first volume of the The
Polish
flora shows, however, many changes in (1) number of taxa, (2) taxonomical
treatment
and (3) nomenclature of grasses in Poland (FREY & ZEMANEK 2002).
The list of the most important comprehensive works (first of all the 19th-
and 20thcentury
floras and guides), concerning entirely or partly the classification of
grasses are
given in Table 2. Detailed papers (some of them are monographs) referring to
the taxonomy
of particular genera and/or species of Poaceae are listed in Table 3.
In addition, several review publications have been cited, in which the
general
problems of grass taxonomy were discussed (FREY 1973, 1979, 1999a, 2000,
2002a;
MIZIANTY 1995).
The hitherto existing data concerning the taxonomy of vascular plants in
Poland (containing
Poaceae) have been compiled in the so-called "checklists" (MIREK et al.
1995,
2002). In these books the authors referred to the basic (fundamental) Polish
taxonomical
works as well as to many treatments of particular genera or species. Worthy
of notice is
recently published book devoted to grasses including chapters concerning
grass taxonomy
(with key to genera and list of grass species occurring in Poland) (FREY
2002b).
Keys to determination
Very important and helpful for florists and taxonomists was the guide
entitled The Polish
plants (SZAFER et al. 1924, 1953 - two editions), containing descriptions
and keys to the
determination of genera and species of grasses. The second edition (SZAFER
et al. 1953)
although partly obsolete in respect of taxonomy and nomenclature is still
used by Polish
botanists.
The works devoted solely to Poaceae, aimed rather at agronomists (than
botanists) are
the guides of HENNING (1947), CZARNOCKI (1950) and KOS´ CIELNY (1954). They
were
a practical use since they are based on features easy to observe, meaning
that "the most
common species of grasses, which are of great importance for agriculture"
could be
determined (KOS´ CIELNY 1954).
Very similar are subsequent works entirely dealing with grasses by FALKOWSKI
(1974,
1982) and KOZŁOWSKI et al. (1998). In these publications there are not only
descriptions
of species and important taxonomical characters, but also keys to the
identification of
species based on vegetative, generative and of caryopsis features. In
addition, the illustrations
and/or photos of the whole plants or their parts are also given. For this
reason the
mentioned manuals serve not only for agronomists, but also for botanists.
Recently, the lack of the modern Polish botanical guide has been partly
compensated
for by the book of RUTKOWSKI (1998) with keys to plant genera and species,
including
grasses, but distributed only in the Polish lowland.
32 Problems of grass biology
Ilustrations in taxonomical works
The grass determination could be facilitated to some degree by using good
illustrations of
whole plants and/or their morphological features. For example, in the Atlas
of the Polish
flora, which has recently been rather forgotten, black-and-white drawings of
the habits
and morphological details of almost 120 taxa of Poaceae were published
(KULCZYN´
SKI
1931-1936). In the book by KOZŁOWSKI et al. 1998 portraits of more than 100
grasses as
well as many photos of important morphological features useful for grass
determination
were presented.
Table 3. List of the more important papers dealing with taxonomy of grass
genera and species in Poland.
Genus Authors
Aegilops Latowski 1978
Agropyron Mizianty & Szczepaniak 1997; Mizianty 1999; Mizianty et al. 1999;
Mizianty et al. 2001
Agrostis Mowszowicz 1948; Frey 1997; Balcerkiewicz et al. 1998
Aira Frey 1984
Alopecurus Falkowski et al. 1976; Golin´ska 1998; Golin´ska & Kozłowski 2001
Ammophila Kubien´ 1964
Anthoxanthum Rozmus 1960; Rostan´ski A.1996
Avena Koczwara 1946; Korniak 1985, 1996; Hołdyn´ski 1991; Kiec´ 1995, 2000,
2001; Korniak
& Frey 1999: Korniak & Kuszewska 1999
Avenella Frey 1982, 1999b
Avenula Frey 1991
Bromus Mirek 1982; Kowal & Rudnicka-Sternowa 1969; Kosina 1996; Zaja˛c
1996a, b
Calamagrostis Matuszkiewicz 1948: Polakowska 1951; Frey & Paszko 1999;
Paszko 2001, 2002, 2003
Cenchrus Frey & Urbisz 2001
Dactylis Doroszewska 1961; Mizianty 1986, 1988, 1994; Mizianty & Trela 1993
Deschampsia Frey 1982, 1999b
Echinochloa Pacyna & Guzik 1997; Pacyna et al. 1999
Elymus Hansen 1959; Kosina 1995a, b; Mizianty & Szczepaniak 1997; Mizianty
et al. 1999;
Mizianty et al. 2001; Szczepaniak 2002, 2003
Eragrostis Guzik & Sudnik-Wójcikowska 1994
Festuca Kozłowska 1925; Falkowski et al. 1976; Pawlus 1983; Zwierzykowski &
Naganowska
1996; Jakubowska-Gabara & Zielin´ska 2001
Glyceria Mirek & Załuski 1986; Babczyn´ska-Sendek & Sendek 1989
Hordelymus Mizianty et al. 1999; Mizianty et al. 2001
Koeleria Frey 1993; Klimko & Czarna 2001a, b
Leymus Mizianty et al. 1999; Mizianty et al. 2001
Lolium Zwierzykowski & Naganowska 1996
Molinia Matuszkiewicz & Matuszkiewicz 1948; Frey 1975
Oreochloa Bielecki 1955
Phalaris Tokarska-Guzik 1997
Phleum Michalski 1955; Joachimiak & Kula 1997
Poa Pawłowski 1938; Skalin´ska 1955; Mowszowicz 1966; Makowiecki 1967;
Rudnicka-
Sternowa 1972; Falkowski et al. 1976; Czarna 1999
Puccinellia Jackowiak & Lembicz 1997
Sesleria Rychlewski 1955; Grodzin´ska 1958
Setaria Rostan´ski K. 1996
Stipa Baecker 1928; Ceynowa-Giełdon 1976
Trisetum Frey 1992, 1996
L. Frey: Grass taxonomy in Poland 33
Summarized data dealing with grasses in Poland
Taxa of Poaceae occurring in Ponad
The genera with the largest number of species are: Festuca (36), Bromus (26)
and Poa
(21). Nine species contain: Avena and Calamagrostis (tribe Aveneae), eight -
Agrostis,
Phleum (Aveneae), Hordeum, Triticum (Triticeae), and Glyceria (Meliceae). 51
genera are
represented entirely by one species. Three genera: Ammocalamagrostis,
Festulolium and
Triticale are of a hybrid origin.
In the present paper the slightly modified system of CLAYTON and RENVOIZE
(1986)
has been accepted and the list of species of all genera taken into
consideration in the
presented system is given below.
List of grass species (system according to CLAYTON & RENVOIZE 1986,
modified)
Elaborated by Ludwik Frey and Lucjan Rutkowski
BAMBUSOIDEAE
Oryzeae
Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. [Oryza clandestina A. Br.]
POOIDEAE
Nardeae
Nardus stricta L.
Stipeae
Milium effusum L.
Stipa borysthenica Klokov
Stipa capillata L.
?Stipa gigantea Lag.
Subfamily Number
of tribes
Number
of subtribes
Number
of genera
Number
of species
BAMBUSOIDEAE 1 - 1 1
POOIDEAE 8 3 65 260
CENTOTHECOIDEAE 1 - 1 1
ARUNDINOIDEAE 1 - 7 8
CHLORIDOIDEAE 2 4 8 14
PANICOIDEAE 2 7 13 29
Total 15 14 95 313
34 Problems of grass biology
Stipa joannis Cˇ elak. s. stricto
Stipa pulcherrima K. Koch
Poeae [Festuceae]
Bellardiochloa violacea (Bellardi) Chiov. [Poa violacea Bellardi]
?Briza maxima L.
Briza media L.
* Briza minor L.
Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P. Beauv.
* Catapodium rigidum (L.) C. E. Hubb. [Desmazeria rigida (L.) Tutin]
Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Seidl
Cynosurus cristatus L.
* Cynosurus echinatus L.
Dactylis glomerata L.
Festuca airoides Lam.
Festuca altissima All.
Festuca amethystina L.
Festuca arundinacea Schreb.
Festuca carpatica F. Dietr.
?Festuca cinerea Vill.
Festuca diffusa Dumort.
Festuca drymeia Mert. & W. D. J. Koch
Festuca duvalii (St.-Yves) Stohr
?Festuca gautieri (Hack.) K. Richt.
Festuca gigantea (L.) Vill.
Festuca guestphalica Boenn. ex Rchb.
Festuca heterophylla Lam.
Festuca macutrensis Zapał.
Festuca nigrescens Lam. [F. rubra L. subsp. fallax (Thuill.) Hack.]
Festuca ovina L.
Festuca pallens Host [F. ovina L. var. glauca Hack. subvar. pallens Hack.]
Festuca picta Kit.
Festuca polesica Zapał. [F. sabulosa (Andersson) H. Lindb.]
Festuca pratensis Huds.
Festuca psammophila (Hack. ex Cˇ elak.) Fritsch [F. ovina L. var. glauca
Hack. subvar.
psammophila Hack.]
Festuca pseudodalmatica Krajina ex Domin
Festuca pseudovina Hack. ex Wiesb. [F. sulcata Hack. var. pseudovina Hack.]
Festuca rubra L. s. stricto
Festuca rupicaprina (Hack.) A. Kern.
Festuca rupicola Heuff. [F. sulcata Hack.]
Festuca salina Natho & Stohr [F. rubra L. subsp. litoralis (G. F. Meyer)
Auquier]
?Festuca scoparia A. Kern & Hack.
Festuca tatrae (Czakó) Degen
Festuca tenuifolia Sibth. [F. capillata Lam.; F. ovina L. subsp. eu-ovina
Hack. var. capillata
Hack.]
L. Frey: Grass taxonomy in Poland 35
Festuca trachyphylla (Hack.) Krajina [F. duriuscula auct.; F. ovina L. var.
duriuscula
Hack.]
Festuca unifaria Dumort.
Festuca vaginata Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. [F. ovina L. var. vaginata Hack.]
Festuca valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaudin [F. sulcata Hack. var. valesiaca Koch]
Festuca versicolor Tausch
Festuca villosa Schweigg. [F. rubra L. subsp. arenaria (Osbeck) Syme; F.
rubra L. var.
arenaria Fries]
?× Festulolium braunii (K. Richter) A. Camus
× Festulolium loliaceum (Huds.) P. Fourn. [F. adscendens (Retz.) Asch. &
Graebn.]
Lolium multiflorum Lam.
Lolium perenne L.
Lolium remotum Schrank
* Lolium rigidum Gaudin
* Lolium subulatum Vis.
Lolium temulentum L.
Oreochloa disticha (Wulfen) Link [Sesleria disticha Pers.]
Poa alpina L.
Poa angustifolia L. [P. pratensis L. p.p.; P. pratensis L. var. setacea
Döll]
Poa annua L.
Poa babiogorensis Bernátová, Májovsky´ & Obuch
* Poa badensis Haenke
Poa bulbosa L.
Poa chaixii Vill.
Poa compressa L.
Poa glauca Vahl [P. caesia Sm.]
Poa granitica Braun-Blanq.
Poa laxa Haenke
Poa molinerii Balb.
Poa nemoralis L.
Poa nobilis Skalin´ska
Poa palustris L.
Poa pratensis L.
Poa remota Forselles [P. chaixii Vill. var. remota Fries]
Poa stiriaca Fritsch & Hayek
Poa subcaerulea Sm. [P. pratensis L. p.p.]
Poa supina Schrad.
Poa trivialis L.
Puccinellia capillaris (Lilj.) Jansen [P. distans (Jacq.) Parl. subsp.
borealis (Holmb.) W. E.
Hughes]
Puccinelia distans (Jacq.) Parl. [Glyceria distans Wahlenb.]
Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl. [Glyceria maritima Wahlenb.]
Sclerochloa dura (L.) P. Beauv.
Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.) Link [Graphephorum arundinaceum Asch.]
Sesleria bielzii Schur
Sesleria tatrae (Degen) Deyl
36 Problems of grass biology
Sesleria uliginosa Opiz [S. caerulea (L.) Ard.; S. coerulea Ard. subsp.
uliginosa Cˇ elak.]
Sesleria varia (Jacq.) Wettst. [S. albicans Kit. ex Schult.; S. coerulea
Ard. subsp.
calcarea Cˇ elak.]
Vulpia bromoides (L.) S. F. Gray
* Vulpia ciliata Dumort.
* Vulpia geniculata (L.) Link
Vulpia myuros (L.) C. C. Gmel. [Festuca myuros L.]
Hainardieae
* Hainardia cylindrica (Willd.) Greuter
* Parapholis incurva (L.) C. E. Hubb.
* Pholiurus pannonicus (Host) Trin.
Meliceae
Glyceria declinata Bréb.
Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br.
Glyceria lithuanica (Gorski) Gorski [G. remota Fr.]
Glyceria maxima (Hartm.) Holmb. [G. aquatica (L.) Wahlenb.]
Glyceria nemoralis (R. Uechtr.) R. Uechtr. & Körn.
Glyceria × pedicellata F. Towns.
Glyceria notata Chevall. [G. plicata (Fr.) Fr.]
Glyceria striata (Lam.) A. S. Hitchc.
* Melica altissima L.
Melica ciliata L.
Melica nutans L.
Melica picta Koch
Melica transsilvanica Schur
Melica uniflora Retz.
Aveneae
Agrostis alpina Scop.
Agrostis canina L.
Agrostis capillaris L. [A. vulgaris With.; A. tenuis Sibth.]
* Agrostis castellana Boiss. & Reut.
Agrostis gigantea Roth [A. alba L. p.p.]
Agrostis rupestris All.
Agrostis stolonifera L. [A. alba L. p.p.]
Agrostis vinealis Schreb. [A. canina L. s. lato]
Aira caryophyllea L.
Aira praecox L.
Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. [A. fulvus Sm.]
Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir. in Lam. [A. ventricosus Pers.]
Alopecurus geniculatus L.
Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.
Alopecurus pratensis L.
* Alopecurus utriculatus (L.) Sol. [A. rendlei Eig]
L. Frey: Grass taxonomy in Poland 37
× Ammocalamagrostis baltica (Flüggé ex Schrad.) P. Fourn. [× Calammophila
baltica
(Flüggé ex Schrad.) Brand]
Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link
Anthoxanthum alpinum Á. Löve & D. Löve
Anthoxanthum aristatum Boiss.
Anthoxanthum odoratum L.
Apera spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv. [Agrostis spica-venti L.]
Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P. Beauv. ex J. Presl & C. Presl [Avena elatior
L.]
* Avena barbata Pott ex Link
* Avena brevis Roth
Avena fatua L.
* Avena nuda L.
?Avena orientalis Schreb.
?Avena sativa L.
* Avena sterilis L.
Avena strigosa Schreb.
Avena × vilis Wallr.
Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer [Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.]
Avenula planiculmis (Schrad.) W. Sauer & Chmelitschek [Avenastrum planiculme
(Schrad.) Opiz; Avena planiculmis Schrad.]
Avenula pratensis (L.) Dumort. [Avenastrum pratense L.) Opiz; Avena
pratensis L.]
Avenula pubescens (Huds.) Dumort. [Avenastrum pubescens (Huds.) Opiz; Avena
pubescens
Huds.]
Avenula versicolor (Vill.) Lainz [Avenastrum versicolor (Vill.) Fritsch;
Avena versicolor Vill.]
Beckmannia eruciformis (L.) Host
?Calamagrostis acutiflora DC.
Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth
Calamagrostis canescens (Weber) Roth [C. lanceolata Roth]
Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth
Calamagrostis × hartmaniana Fries [C. villosa auct. pol.]
Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller f.) Koeler
Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler [C. neglecta P. Beauv.]
Calamagrostis varia (Schrad.) Host
Calamagrostis villosa (Chaix) J. F. Gmel.
Corynephorus canescens (L.) P. Beauv.
Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv. [Aira caespitosa L.]
Deschampsia setacea (Huds.) Hack. [Aira setacea Huds.]
* Gastridium ventricosum (Gouan) Schinz & Thell.
* Gaudinia fragilis (L.) P. Beauv.
?Helictotrichon sempervirens (Vill.) Pilg.
Hierochloë australis (Schrad.) Roem. & Schult.
Hierochloë hirta (Schrank) Borbás
Hierochloë odorata (L.) P. Beauv.
Hierochloë repens (Host) P. Beauv.
Holcus lanatus L.
Holcus mollis L.
38 Problems of grass biology
Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC.
Koeleria grandis Besser ex Gorski [K. polonica Domin]
Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. [K. gracilis Pers.]
Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) P. Beauv.
?Lagurus ovatus L.
Phalaris arundinacea L.
* Phalaris brachystachys Link ex Schrader
* Phalaris canariensis L.
* Phalaris coerulescens Desf.
* Phalaris minor Retz.
* Phalaris paradoxa L.
* Phalaris truncata Guss. ex Bertol.
* Phleum arenarium L.
Phleum commutatum Gaudin [P. alpinum L. sensu auct. pol.]
Phleum hirsutum Honck. [P. michelii All.]
Phleum hubbardii D. Kováts [P. pratense L. subsp. bertolonii (DC.) Bornm.
p.p.]
Phleum phleoides (L.) H. Karst. [P. boehmeri Wibel]
Phleum pratense L.
Phleum rhaeticum (Humphries) Rauschert [P. alpinum L. subsp. rhaeticum
Humphries]
* Phleum subulatum (Savi) Asch. & Graebn.
* Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.
* Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr.
* Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev [Lophochloa cristata (L.) Hyl.]
* Rostraria hispida (Savi) Dogan [Lophochloa hispida (Savi) Jonsell]
Trisetum alpestre (Host) P. Beauv.
Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. Beauv.
Trisetum fuscum (Kit. ex Schult.) Roem. & Schult.
Trisetum sibiricum Rupr.
* Ventenata dubia (Leers) F. W. Schultz
Bromeae
Bromus arvensis L.
Bromus benekenii (Lange ) Trimen [B. ramosus Huds. subsp. benekenii Asch. &
Graebn.]
* Bromus brachystachys Hornung
* Bromus briziformis Fisch. & C. A. Mey. in Fisch.
Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn.
Bromus commutatus Schrad.
Bromus erectus Huds.
* Bromus grossus Desf. ex DC. in Lam. & DC.
Bromus hordeaceus L. [B. mollis L.]
Bromus inermis Leyss.
* Bromus intermedius Guss.
Bromus japonicus Thunb. in Murr [B. patulus Mert. & W. D. J. Koch]
* Bromus lanceolatus Roth [B. macrostachys Desf.]
* Bromus lepidus Holmb.
* Bromus madritensis L.
Bromus × pseudothominii P. Sm.
L. Frey: Grass taxonomy in Poland 39
Bromus racemosus L.
Bromus ramosus Huds.
* Bromus rigidus Roth [B. maximus Desf.]
* Bromus rubens L.
* Bromus scoparius L.
Bromus secalinus L.
Bromus squarrosus L.
Bromus sterilis L.
Bromus tectorum L.
* Bromus willdenowii Kunth [B. unioloides (Willd.) Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth]
Triticeae
* Aegilops cylindrica Host
* Aegilops ligustica Asch. & Graebn. [A. speltoides Tausch var. ligustica
(Bert.) Asch.
& Graebn.]
Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. [Triticum cristatum Schreb.]
* Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv.
Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P. Beauv.
Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P. Beauv.
* Dasypyrum villosum (L.) P. Candargy
* Elymus athericus (Link) Kerguélen [Agropyron litorale (Host) Dumort.; E.
pycnanthus auct.]
* Elymus canadensis L.
Elymus caninus (L.) L. [Agropyron caninum (L.) P. Beauv.; Triticum caninum
L.]
Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runemark ex Melderis [Agropyron junceum (L.) P.
Beauv.]
Elymus hispidus (Opiz) Melderis [Agropyron intermedium (Host) P. Beauv.
incl. A. trichophorum
(Link) Richt.; Triticum intermedium Host; Triticum trichophorum Link]
Elymus repens (L.) Gould [Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv.; Triticum repens
L.]
Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Jess. ex Harz [Elymus europaeus L.]
* Hordeum bulbosum L.
?Hordeum distichon L.
Hordeum jubatum L.
* Hordeum marinum Huds.
Hordeum murinum L.
* Hordeum secalinum Schreb. [H. nodosum Schreb.]
Hordeum vulgare L.
* Hordeum zeocrithon L.
Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. [Elymus arenarius L.]
?Secale cereale L.
?× Triticale rimpaui Wittm. [× Triticosecale rimpaui (Wittm.) Müntzing]
?Triticum aestivum L.
Triticum compactum Host
?Triticum dicoccon Schrank.
Triticum durum Desf.
?Triticum monococcum L.
* Triticum polonicum L.
?Triticum spelta L.
* Triticum turgidum L.
40 Problems of grass biology
CENTOTHECOIDEAE
Centotheceae
?Chasmanthium latifolium H. O. Yates
ARUNDINOIDEAE
Arundineae
?Arundo donax Georgi
Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult. f.) Asch. & Graebn.
Danthonia decumbens (L.) DC. [Sieglingia decumbens (L.) Lam.
?Hakonechloa macra Makino
Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench
Molinia arundinacea Schrank
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. [P. communis Trin.]
* Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell. [S. calycinus (Loefl. ex L.) Thell.]
CHLORIDOIDAE
Eragrostideae
* Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv.
* Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl.) Panz.
* Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
* Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) F. T. Hubb.
* Eragrostis mexicana (Lag.) Link
Eragrostis minor Host
Eragrostis multicaulis Steud.
* Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv.
* Eragrostis virescens J. Presl & C. Presl
* Sporobolus cryptandrus (Turner) A. Gray
Cynodonteae
?Bouteloua gracilis Steud.
* Chloris virgata Sw.
* Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
PANICOIDEAE
Paniceae
* Cenchrus ciliaris L.
Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) H. L. Mühl.
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
* Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. [Panicum crus galli L.]
* Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz
* Echinochloa microstachya (Wiegand) Rydb.
L. Frey: Grass taxonomy in Poland 41
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Author's address:
LUDWIK FREY, Department of Plant Systematics, W. Szafer Institute of Botany,
Polish
Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Kraków, Poland; e-mail:
L.Frey@ib-pan.
krakow.pl
L. Frey: Grass taxonomy in Poland 49

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6. Data: 2003-12-06 03:38:03

Temat: Re: OT - plik w formacie pdf-zbyt długie, tylko dla Ta deusza i zainteresowanych.
Od: "Bpjea" <b...@...pl (usun 'x' - z powodu spamu)> szukaj wiadomości tego autora

Bogusław Radzimierski napisał(a) w wiadomości: ...

>[...]
> CONERT et al.
>(1998) divided grasses occurring in Europe into seven subfamilies:
>Bambusoideae, Andropogonoideae,
>Panicoideae, Oryzoideae, Eragrostoideae [=Chloridoideae], Arundinoideae
>and Pooideae.

Nie wiedzialem, ze sa jakies z Bambusoideae w Europie. Autor nie mial chyba
na mysli rodzimych traw (?)

>[...]
>List of grass species (system according to CLAYTON & RENVOIZE 1986,
>modified)
>Elaborated by Ludwik Frey and Lucjan Rutkowski
[...]
>ARUNDINOIDEAE
>Arundineae
>?Arundo donax Georgi
>Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult. f.) Asch. & Graebn.
[...]
>?Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack.
>?Miscanthus sinensis Andersson

Znak zapytania oznacza, ze gatunek jest jedynie uprawiany w Polsce.
(jak ponizej)
>Explanations: abbreviations of authors plant names after BRUMMITT & POWELL
>(1992); *ephemerophytes,
>? - cultivated species

Miskanty sa oczywiscie sadzone. Czy trzcina laskowa - nie watpie, chociaz
nie mialem okazji jej w Polsce spotkac.
Dlaczego jednak nie ma znaku zapytania przy trawie pampasowej?

Pozdrawiam,
Bpjea

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7. Data: 2003-12-06 12:01:28

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s...@s...pl (Tadeusz Smal) writes:

[o plikach pdf]
> sciagniecie programu bezplatnego Acrobat Readera wazacego okolo 14 mB
> na moim modemowym laczu to conamniej z poltorej godziny

Jako, że ten problem dotyczy nie tylko Ciebie, pliki pdf czytane są
też między innymi przez Ghostscript -- darmowy (i mniejszy) program do
czytania/drukowania plików postscriptowych/pdf.

Jest też kilka darmowych narzędzi służących do konwersji plików pdf na
pliki tekstowe: pdftotext (wchodzi w skład xpdf -- przeglądarki plików
pdf dla X-ów), czy pdftohtml --> przerabia pdfy na htmle
(www.foolabs.com/xpdf).

Pozdrawiam,
Grzesiek

PS. FUT warning
--
Pewien rybak z greckiej wyspy Korfu
W jamę ustną wtłaczał bryły torfu.
,,Nie torturuj się, błaźnie!'',
Ktoś rzekł; on, niewyraźnie:
,,Forf -- fortuną? Fo fylko wla sporfu''.
(C) Stanisław Barańczak

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8. Data: 2003-12-06 13:59:29

Temat: Re: OT - plik w formacie pdf
Od: "Michal Misiurewicz" <m...@m...iupui.edu> szukaj wiadomości tego autora

"Grzegorz Sapijaszko" <g...@s...net> wrote in message
news:m2n0a6f947.fsf@sapijaszko.net...
>
> [o plikach pdf]
> > sciagniecie programu bezplatnego Acrobat Readera wazacego okolo 14 mB
> > na moim modemowym laczu to conamniej z poltorej godziny
>
> Jako, że ten problem dotyczy nie tylko Ciebie, pliki pdf czytane są
> też między innymi przez Ghostscript -- darmowy (i mniejszy) program do
> czytania/drukowania plików postscriptowych/pdf.

Duzo mniejszy on nie jest. Pod Windy potrzebne sa pliki:
gs811w32.exe - 8375296 bajtow,
gsv45w32.exe - 1591296 bajtow.

> Jest też kilka darmowych narzędzi służących do konwersji plików pdf na
> pliki tekstowe: pdftotext (wchodzi w skład xpdf -- przeglądarki plików
> pdf dla X-ów), czy pdftohtml --> przerabia pdfy na htmle
> (www.foolabs.com/xpdf).

A nie trzeba go sobie najpierw skompilowac? ["The non-X components (pdftops,
pdftotext, etc.) also run on Win32 systems and should run on pretty much any
system with a decent C++ compiler."]

Pozdrowienia,
Michal

--
Michal Misiurewicz
m...@m...iupui.edu
http://www.math.iupui.edu/~mmisiure

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9. Data: 2003-12-06 15:39:13

Temat: Re: OT - plik w formacie pdf-zbyt długie, tylko dla Ta deusza i zainteresowanych.
Od: s...@s...pl (Tadeusz Smal) szukaj wiadomości tego autora

----- Original Message -----
From: "Bpjea" <b...@...pl (usun 'x' - z powodu spamu) >

> Nie wiedzialem, ze sa jakies z Bambusoideae w Europie. Autor nie mial
chyba
> na mysli rodzimych traw (?)
:)
w tym opracowaniu mowa o trawach wystepujacych na terenie Polski
a wspomniana w opracowaniu przedtsawicielka BAMBUSOIDEAE
Leersia oryzoides (Oryza clandestina) czyli Zamokrzyca ryzowa
jest okreslana mianem apofitu efemeryczny
:)
apofit to gatunek rodzimy na siedlisku antropogenicznym
a efemerycznosc polegac moze na albo na niewydawaniu nowych diaspor
lub nie utrzymywaniu sie lub nierozprzestrzenianiu na nowe stawnowiska
:)

> >List of grass species (system according to CLAYTON & RENVOIZE 1986,
> >modified)
> >Elaborated by Ludwik Frey and Lucjan Rutkowski
> [...]
> >ARUNDINOIDEAE
> >Arundineae
> >?Arundo donax Georgi
> >Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult. f.) Asch. & Graebn.
> [...]
> >?Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack.
> >?Miscanthus sinensis Andersson
>
> Znak zapytania oznacza, ze gatunek jest jedynie uprawiany w Polsce.
> (jak ponizej)
> >Explanations: abbreviations of authors plant names after BRUMMITT &
POWELL
> >(1992); *ephemerophytes,
> >? - cultivated species
>
> Miskanty sa oczywiscie sadzone. Czy trzcina laskowa - nie watpie, chociaz
> nie mialem okazji jej w Polsce spotkac.
> Dlaczego jednak nie ma znaku zapytania przy trawie pampasowej?
:)
miskanty sa zaliczone do tzw ergazjofigofitow
czyli gatunkow obcych
uprawianych wspolczesnie i przejsciowo dziczejace
:)
E. pojawiaja sie w "naturze" glownie na wysypiskach smieci
w poblizu ogrodkow dzialkowych i na przydrozach
:)
o trawie pampasowej i trzcinie laskowej
nie znalazlem napomknienia w Ksiedze Traw Polskich
jak je mozna zakwalifikowac pod wzgledem historyczno-geograficznym
ale Evuska zapewne dopowie nam
?
z pozdrowieniami i usmiechami
_hehehe

--
Archiwum grupy: http://niusy.onet.pl/pl.rec.ogrody

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10. Data: 2003-12-06 15:40:39

Temat: Re: OT - plik w formacie pdf
Od: "Too Old" <mjkch_no_spam@nie_chce_spamu_4me.pl> szukaj wiadomości tego autora

Nadejszła wielkopomna chwila i
Tadeusz
Smal<s...@s...pl>
napisał(a) w swojej wiadomości
<news:00b101c3bb42$028349a0$287e63d9@d3h6c1> ,na co
zmuszony jestem odpowiedzieć :
> mialbym prosbe
> dostalem w zalaczniku plik tekstowy w formacie pdf
> jest to na tyle TG
> ze jest to najnowsza systematyka traw
> :)
> moj windows nie obsluguje tego formatu
> sciagniecie programu bezplatnego Acrobat Readera wazacego okolo 14 mB
> na moim modemowym laczu to conamniej z poltorej godziny
> ale moze ktos ma ten program u siebie
> i potrafi go przepisac na zwykly format tekstowy worda
> :)

Tadku ten program znajdziesz na wielu płytacH :
-wiele płyt z gazet zawiera Acrobata
-często płyty ze sterownikami
-czasem płyty z grami

idź do kiosku przejrzyj kilka gazet z płytami i sobie coś znajdziesz

--
kochany rekinek- J.Krzysztof Chiliński mjkch_no_spam@nie_chce_spamu_pnet.pl
Milanówek ,a obok stolica Państwa Urzędników
serwis muszlowcowy : http://www.muszlowce.prv.pl/
< Jeśli gniewasz się na mnie to czas abyś wyłączył swój komputer>